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1.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 104(supl.1): 226-235, July 2009. ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-520883

ABSTRACT

One hundred years ago, Carlos Chagas discovered a new disease, the American trypanosomiasis. Chagas and co-workers later characterised the disease's common manifestation, chronic cardiomyopathy, and suggested that parasitic persistence coupled with inflammation was the key underlying pathogenic mechanism. Better comprehension of the molecular mechanisms leading to clinical heart afflictions is a prerequisite to developing new therapies that ameliorate inflammation and improve heart function without hampering parasite control. Here, we review recent data showing that distinct cell adhesion molecules, chemokines and chemokine receptors participate in anti-parasite immunity and/or detrimental leukocyte trafficking to the heart. Moreover, we offer evidence that CC-chemokine receptors may be attractive therapeutic targets aiming to regain homeostatic balance in parasite/host interaction thereby improving prognosis, supporting that it is becoming a non-phantasious proposal.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology , Chagas Cardiomyopathy/immunology , Myocarditis/immunology , Receptors, Chemokine/immunology , Trypanosoma cruzi/immunology , Cell Movement , Chronic Disease , Chagas Cardiomyopathy/therapy , Myocarditis/parasitology , Trypanosoma cruzi/pathogenicity
2.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 103(4): 375-385, June 2008. ilus, graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-486867

ABSTRACT

In Chagas disease, understanding how the immune response controls parasite growth but also leads to heart damage may provide insight into the design of new therapeutic strategies. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-á) is important for resistance to acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection; however, in patients suffering from chronic T. cruzi infection, plasma TNF-á levels correlate with cardiomyopathy. Recent data suggest that CD8-enriched chagasic myocarditis formation involves CCR1/CCR5-mediated cell migration. Herein, the contribution of TNF-á, especially signaling through the receptor TNFR1/p55, to the pathophysiology of T. cruzi infection was evaluated with a focus on the development of myocarditis and heart dysfunction. Colombian strain-infected C57BL/6 mice had increased frequencies of TNFR1/p55+ and TNF-á+ splenocytes. Although TNFR1-/- mice exhibited reduced myocarditis in the absence of parasite burden, they succumbed to acute infection. Similar to C57BL/6 mice, Benznidazole-treated TNFR1-/- mice survived acute infection. In TNFR1-/- mice, reduced CD8-enriched myocarditis was associated with defective activation of CD44+CD62Llow/- and CCR5+ CD8+ lymphocytes. Also, anti-TNF-á treatment reduced the frequency of CD8+CCR5+ circulating cells and myocarditis, though parasite load was unaltered in infected C3H/HeJ mice. TNFR1-/- and anti-TNF-á-treated infected mice showed regular expression of connexin-43 and reduced fibronectin deposition, respectively. Furthermore, anti-TNF-á treatment resulted in lower levels of CK-MB, a cardiomyocyte lesion marker. Our results suggest that TNF/TNFR1 signaling promotes CD8-enriched myocarditis formation and heart tissue damage, implicating the TNF/TNFR1 signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target for control of T. cruzi-elicited cardiomyopathy.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Mice , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology , /immunology , Chagas Cardiomyopathy/immunology , /immunology , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/antagonists & inhibitors , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors , Cell Movement , Chronic Disease , Chagas Cardiomyopathy/drug therapy , Flow Cytometry , Immunohistochemistry , RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis , RNA, Messenger/genetics , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/blood , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/immunology , Signal Transduction , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
3.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2007. xi,107 p. tab, graf, ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-481747

ABSTRACT

Dentre os mecanismos efetores utilizados pelo sistema imunológico contra o T. cruzi, podemos destacar os linfócitos T CD8 como células críticas na resistência ao parasito e também na patogênese da miocardite e da cardiopatia crônica. Os linfócitos T CD8 medeiam esta proteção pela secreção de citocinas, principalmente de perfil Th1, e pela atividade citotóxica através de moléculas citolíticas tais como perforina. Na infecção pelo T. cruzi tem-se observado que a perforina participa do controle do parasito e/ou da imunopatogênese da infecção por mecanismos não completamente entendidos. Inicialmente, demonstramos o aumento da expressão da perforina no tecido cardíaco de animais C57BL/6 aguda e cronicamente infectados pelo T. cruzi, o que ocasionou nosso interesse em estudar o envolvimento da perforina no controle do parasito, na formação do infiltrado inflamatório e geração da lesão cardíaca e conseqüentemente cardiopatia. Nas etapas iniciais da infecção, animais deficientes em perforina (PKO) infectados com 100 parasitos apresentaram aumento da parasitemia associado ao aumento sérico significativo de óxido nítrico e dos anticorpos IgG2a e IgG3. Além disso, houve um controle da parasitemia na fase crônica, de forma similar aos animais C57BL/6. A análise ex vivo de citocinas Th1 (IFNy) e Th2 (IL-4) revelou um aumento significativo de produção de IFNy pelos linfócitos isolados do baço de animais PKO infectados, quando comparado aos animais C57BL/6. Além disso, animais PKO controle apresentaram níveis basais aumentados de IL-4. É possível que o aumento basal de células produtoras de IL-4 nos animais PKO estejam modulando o controle do parasito e a resistência à infecção. De forma interessante, a constituição do infiltrado inflamatório foi distinta entre os animais C57BL/6 e PKO. No tecido cardíaco dos animais PKO observamos na fase aguda de infecção diminuição do número de células CD8(mais), aumento do número de células iNOS(mais) e de células produtoras...cardíacas.


Subject(s)
Animals , Chagas Disease , Parasitic Diseases, Animal , Trypanosoma cruzi
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